This is merely my guess, so feel free to give a better suggestion.
Emperor Meiji : "If you would meld a card of value 10 and you have top cards of values 9 and 8 on your board, instead you win."
According to wikipedia, "Emperor Meiji, the 122nd emperor of Japan, presided over a time of rapid change in Japan, characterised by Japan's industrial revolution." I guess you win by advancing your empire all the way to 10, though it may have a deeper meaning.
Charles Darwin : "If you would claim an achievement, first if no other player has as many or more achievements as you, instead you win."
He proposed the theory of natural selection. The strongest (most achievements) survives.
Caresse Crosby : "If you would splay a fifth color left, instead you win."
She is the inventor of modern brassiere. You tuck a piece of clothes (leave) to adjust (splay) your bust until they fit.
Kim Yu-Na : "If you would score a card with a castle, instead you win."
A female South Korean figure skater. You could win by scoring her Ice Skates.
Jackie Chan : "If an opponent would win, first score all other top figures in play. If you now have the most points, you win instead."
You force your opponent to have a final one-to-one showdown with Jackie Chan on scores.
Social Networking - "If you have fewer factory, fewer crown, and fewer castle icons than each other player, you win."
These icons represent industry, authority, and military respectively. If your people are oppressed by them, they will form a powerful social network and fight back.