The big problem here is that you are looking for a Governor megaturn when the kingdom is not well suited to one. You would need a Forge ASAP for a megaturn strategy to even have a chance at working.
There is a slight bit of luck when it comes down to it, but your opponent reaches a deck state with high quality treasure and not many dead cards. A little bit of this is due to the Jack opening, though he trashes it early (gaining a Lab, which is still useful). A bigger factor in early deck development might be your Feast opening. Due to this, you end up having lower money density and you don't hit $5 as often early on.
You end up using the trashing option quite a bit early on in order to try to build your deck, and that benefited your opponent significantly because he got 2 Copper trashes, an Estate -> Silver, and a Jack -> Lab. He hit a streak of $5 early on, and the resulting Labs and Governors are enough for him to easily reach $8 with a draw or two. His Labs are sufficient draw for buying a Province every turn, whereas you're forced to give him an increased handsize if you want to draw at all.
tl;dr version:
1. The Jack opening made a difference in his ability to hit $5 later on - that's what trashing an Estate and gaining a Silver does. From my experience, Jack openings don't tend to hit $5 as often on the reshuffle, but he got one here.
2. Some of your Governor trashing was frivolous; for example, you trashed Silver -> Governor and bought a Haven. Haven doesn't help you very much here.
3. A fast money strategy beats a Governor engine if the engine doesn't have good trashing.